HIV
remains a persistent potential global problem, despite progression made
throughout the years in preventing and treating HIV infections.
Identify statistics about
its prevalence around the world
HIV disease continues to be
a serious health concern throughout the world. Studies indicate there were
approximately 2.3 million new cases of HIV in 2012 worldwide. The studies also show
that about 35.3 million people around the world are living with HIV. In 2012, over
9.7 million people living with HIV in low and middle-income countries had
access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). The studies also indicated that over
1.6 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2012. Additionally,
approximately 36 million people with AIDS have died around the world since the beginning
of epidemic. Sub-Saharan Africa disproportionately experiences the burden of
HIV/AIDS, with nearly 1 in 20 adults living with HIV. HIV/AIDS significantly
affects other parts of the world, including Latin America, Caribbean, Eastern
Europe, Central Asia, and South and Southeast Asia.
United States: About 50,000
people get infected with HIV annually. In 2010, approximately 47,500 new
HIV infections were reported in the United States. At the end of 2010, an
estimated 1.1 million people in the United States were living with HIV. Of
those people infected with HIV, approximately 16% of them do not know their
status of HIV infection.
Modes
of the HIV Transmission
For HIV infection to occur, infected
blood and semen or vaginal secretions must enter one’s body. A person cannot be
infected with HIV through normal contact, including hugging, kissing, dancing
or shaking hands with someone with HIV/AIDS. HIV cannot be transmitted through
the air, water, and insect bites.
A person can become infected with HIV in many
ways, including: sexual intercourse, blood
transfusions, sharing needles, and during pregnancy or delivery or through
breast-feeding.
Treatment Options
The classes of anti-HIV drugs include:
§ Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs): These drugs disable a protein HIV requires to replicate or make
copies of itself.
o Examples: favirenz
(Sustiva), etravirine (Intelence) and nevirapine (Viramune).
§ Nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NRTIs): These drugs are faulty
versions of building blocks that HIV needs to make copies of itself.
o Examples: Abacavir
(Ziagen), and the combination drugs emtricitabine and tenofovir (Truvada), and
lamivudine and zidovudine (Combivir).
§ Protease inhibitors (PIs): These drugs disable protease, another protein
that HIV needs to make copies of itself.
o Examples: Atazanavir
(Reyataz), darunavir (Prezista), fosamprenavir (Lexiva) and ritonavir (Norvir).
§ Entry or fusion inhibitors: These drugs block HIV's
entry into CD4 cells.
o Examples: Enfuvirtide
(Fuzeon) and maraviroc (Selzentry).
§ Integrase inhibitors: Raltegravir (Isentress)
works by disabling integrase, a protein that HIV uses to insert its genetic
material into CD4 cells.
HIV Prevention Methods
§ Use
a new condom every time you have sex.
§ Consider
the drug Truvada.
In 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the
combination drug emtricitabine-tenofovir (Truvada) to decrease the risk of
sexually transmitted HIV infection in those who are at high risk. Truvada is
also used as an HIV treatment along with other medications.
§ Tell
your sexual partners if you have HIV.
§ Use
a clean needle.
§ Get
medical care right away if you are pregnant.
§ Consider
male circumcision.
There is evidence that male circumcision can help minimize a man’s risk of
acquiring HIV.
References:
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/basics/causes/con-20013732
http://healthfavo.com/hiv-virus-life-cycle.html
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/statistics.html
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